Field Crop Integrated Pest Management 
Training and Reference Manual

Table of Contents

Who is This Manual For?

How to Use the Manual?

What is Integrated Pest Management About?

Knowledge Needed to Develop and Implement an IPM Program

     Understanding the IPM Process

      Understanding Cropping Systems and Pest Associations
               Table 1.  Cropping Systems, Cultural Practices, and Associated Key Pests

     Understanding the Timing of Pest Activity
            The Concept of a Degree Day: Predicting the Timing of Key Pest Life Stages
               Figure 1.  Relationship Between Temperature and Rate of Development
               Table 2.   Key Degree Day Thresholds for Field Crop Insect Management
               Table 3.   Calendar of Insect and Slug Activity for Field Corn in Pennsylvania
               Table 4.   Calendar of Alfalfa and Mixed hay Insect Activity in Pennsylvania
               Table 5.   Calendar of Soybean Insect and Mite Activity in Pennsylvania
               Table 6.   Calendar of Small Grain insect Activity in Pennsylvania
               Table 7.   Estimated Time of Weed Emergence
               Table 8.   Probable Occurrence and/or Severity of Alfalfa Diseases by Age of Stand and Harvest
               Table 9.   Calendar of Corn Disease Activity in Pennsylvania
               Table 10.  Calendar of Soybean Disease Activity in Pennsylvania
               Table 11.  Calendar of Small Grain Disease Activity in Pennsylvania

     Understanding the Economic Threshold Concept
            Figure 2.   Relationship Between the Economic Injury Level, Economic Threshold and General
                                  Equilibrium Position of a Pest's Population
               Table 12.  Economic Threshold Values for Insects That Attack Field Corn in PA
               Table 13.  Stalk Borer Economic Thresholds
               Table 14.  Cost: Benefit Analysis Chart for First Generation European Corn Borer
               Table 15.  Cost:Benefit Analysis Chart for Second Generation European Corn Borer
               Table 16.  Economic Threshold Values for Insects That Attack Alfalfa in PA
               Table 17.  Alfalfa Weevil Economic Threshold Chart for Alfalfa
               Table 18.  Potato Leafhopper Economic Threshold Chart for Established Stands of Alfalfa
               Table 19.  Economic Threshold Values for Insects That Attack Soybeans in PA
               Table 20.  Economic Threshold Values for Insects That Attack Small Grains in PA

          Economic Thresholds for Weeds
               Table 21.  Estimated Yield Reduction From Various Weed Species in Corn and Soybeans
               Table 22.  List of Common Grass (Monocots) and Broadleaf (Dicots) Weeds in
                                 Pennsylvania, Their Scientific names (Family, Genus, and Species)
               Table 23.  Estimated Impact of Weed Density on Corn and Soybean Yield (Empirical
                                 Estimates Based on North Central Regional Data and Personal Intuition)

     Understanding Scouting Protocol for Insect, Weed and Disease Pests
               Table 24.  Field Crop IPM Activities and Planning Calendar
               Table 25.  Critical Scouting Periods for Weed Management

          Field Crop Pest Scouting Procedures - Field Corn - Postharvest to Planting
               Table 26.  Field Layout for Wireworm and White Grub Monitoring

          Field Corn - Early Season - Planting to 9th Leaf Stage (V9)
               Table 27.  Schematic of Field Layout for the Early Season Pest Monitoring Period

          Field Corn - Midseason - Ninth Leaf Stage (V9) to Green Silk (R1)

          Field Corn - Late Season - Green Silk (R1) to Physiological Maturity (R6)
               Table 28.  Sequential Sampling Table for Corn Rootworm Adults Using an
                                  Economic Threshold Value of 1.0
               Table 29.  Sequential Sampling Table for Corn Rootworm Adults Using an
                                  Economic Threshold Value of 1.5
               Table 30.  Sequential Sampling Table for Corn Rootworm Adults Using an
                                  Economic Threshold Value of 2.0
               Table 31.  Sequential Sampling Table for Corn Rootworm Adults Using an
                                  Economic Threshold Value of 3.0
          Field Corn - Post-Season Assessment - Physiological Maturity (R6) to Harvest

          Alfalfa and Alfalfa Mixed Hay - First Growth Period
               Table 32. Schematic of Field Layout for Alfalfa Insect Scouting

          Alfalfa and Alfalfa Mixed Hay - Second, Third, and Fourth, Growth Period
               Table 33.  Sequential Sampling Table for Potato Leafhopper (PLH) on Alfalfa
                                  for Four Height Ranges

          Soybeans - Early Season (VE - V2)
          Soybeans - Mid and Late Season (V3 - R8)
          Small Grains - Fall and Spring Scouting

     Understanding IPM Management Tactics and Their Use
          Weed Management Tactics
          Insect Management Tactics
          Disease Management Tactics

Guidelines for an IPM Program
               Table 34.  Integrated Pest Management Practice Guidelines for Insects, 
                                 Weeds and Diseases in Field Crops